Section 8
مبتکر دوره: علیرضا رجبی - کارشناس ارشد حقوق تجاری اقتصادی بین الملل از دانشگاه تهران و کارشناس ارشد آموزش زبان انگلیسی از واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران می باشد.
این شیوه از بیان مطالب در یادگیری زبان تخصصی، از راحت ترین روشهای یادگیری میباشد که تاکنون در ایران ارائه شده است که البته حاصل سالها مطالعه و تجربه عملی در تجارت بین الملل می باشد.
متون انتخاب شده در این دوره از منابع معتبر بوده و دارای اصالت است.
در صورت مداومت در مطالعه متون و تماشای دقیق فیلم های ارائه شده بصورت ادامه دار، زبان آموز به راحتی می تواند در فعالیت های عملی تجارت بین الملل، آزمون های حقوقی و نیز نگارش قرارداد ها به زبان انگلیسی از آمادگی بسیار بالایی برخوردار گردد.
حقوق مادی و معنوی این اثر متعلق به پدید آورنده آن می باشد و درصورت در اختیار قراردادن این مطالب برای استفاده دیگران نه تنها پدیدآورنده رضایت قلبی ندارد بلکه حق پیگرد قانونی توسط وی محفوظ است.
Section 8
Political risks
It may be difficult to separate commercial and political risk because political decisions, or other similar acts by local authorities, also affect the local company and its capabilities of honouring the contract. For example, some countries may change taxes, import duties or currency regulations, often with immediate effect, which could undermine the basis for contracts already signed.
Other common measures include import restrictions or other regulations intended to promote local industry and to save foreign currency. Even with just the risks of such actions, they all have the same negative implications for the transaction and the buyer’s possibility of fulfilling their part of the contract.
Seen from a broader perspective, political risk could be divided into different underlying causes, such as:
● political stability; (terror, war or internal violence, sanctions or blockades from other nations)
● social stability; (uneven income distribution and ethnic or religious antagonism can turn into violence or terrorist activity that can paralyse the country or its economy)
● economic stability; (A weak infrastructure, dependence on single export or import commodities, a high debt burden and lack of raw materials are critical factors. Currency restrictions and other more indirect currency regulations such as introducing or abolishing different forms of ‘pegging’ against other currencies.)
Currency risks
If payment is going to be made in a currency other than that in which the seller incurs their costs, a new currency risk will arise. In most cases, the seller’s main costs will be in their own local currency, which automatically creates such a risk if invoicing in another currency. The size of that risk will depend on the currency and the outstanding period until payment.
Traditionally, however, the USD has been the preferred third-party currency. This applies both to international trade in general, but particularly to raw materials and certain commodities, and for many other services such as freight and insurance.
Traditionally, currencies have been divided into ‘strong’ and ‘weak’, and this view has affected the general conception of preferred trade currencies, even though the highest preference is normally for the currency of the home country. The yen, the Swiss franc together with the US dollar and the British pound would probably be regarded as strong currencies in the long run anyway, while others would be seen as neutral, weak, unstable or volatile.
The abbreviations of the most common trade currencies:
US dollar: USD
Japanese yen: JPY
Euro: EUR
Chinese yuan: CNY
British pound: GBP
Swedish krona: SEK
Swiss franc: CHF
Hong Kong dollar: HKD
Canadian dollar: CAD
پس از پرداخت محصول در درگاه بانکی شما به لینک دانلود محصول برای شما قابل رویت می باشد و شما می توانید اقدام به دانلود کنید.
لازم به ذکر است لینک دانلود به پست الکترونیکی شما نیز ارسال می شود.
