Section 4
مبتکر دوره: علیرضا رجبی - کارشناس ارشد حقوق تجاری اقتصادی بین الملل از دانشگاه تهران و کارشناس ارشد آموزش زبان انگلیسی از واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران می باشد.
این شیوه از بیان مطالب در یادگیری زبان تخصصی، از راحت ترین روشهای یادگیری میباشد که تاکنون در ایران ارائه شده است که البته حاصل سالها مطالعه و تجربه عملی در تجارت بین الملل می باشد.
متون انتخاب شده در این دوره از منابع معتبر بوده و دارای اصالت است.
در صورت مداومت در مطالعه متون و تماشای دقیق فیلم های ارائه شده بصورت ادامه دار، زبان آموز به راحتی می تواند در فعالیت های عملی تجارت بین الملل، آزمون های حقوقی و نیز نگارش قرارداد ها به زبان انگلیسی از آمادگی بسیار بالایی برخوردار گردد.
حقوق مادی و معنوی این اثر متعلق به پدید آورنده آن می باشد و درصورت در اختیار قراردادن این مطالب برای استفاده دیگران نه تنها پدیدآورنده رضایت قلبی ندارد بلکه حق پیگرد قانونی توسط وی محفوظ است.
Section 4
The negotiation process
The seller will always try to get terms that will maximize the outcome and minimize the risk. However, they must also be prepared to accommodate reasonable demands from the buyer in order to match other competitors and reach a deal that is acceptable to both parties, thereby also developing a good long-term business relationship.
Should the seller be inflexible on this point, it could result in an adverse competitive situation with the potential risk of losing the deal. On the other hand, demands from the buyer that are too stringent can have the same result, or be resolved by means of a higher price or some other adjustment to the final agreement.
Different forms of risk in international trade
There are always potential drawbacks in trying to categorize such a general concept as trade risks which could have so many different forms and shapes.
Different forms of risk:
1. product, production and transport risks
2. Commercial risks
3. Political risks
4. Adverse business risks
5. Currency risks
6. Financial risks
Product risks
Product risks are risks that the seller automatically has to accept as an integral part of their commitment. for example, specified performance warranties or agreed maintenance or service obligations.
There are many examples of how new and unexpected working conditions in the buyer’s country have led to reduced performance of the delivered goods. It could be negligence concerning operating procedures or restrictions, careless treatment or lack of current maintenance, but also damage due to the climate or for environmental reasons.
Matters of this nature may well lead to disputes between the parties after the contract has been signed and to increased cost for the delivery as a whole.
Warranties vs Guarantee
Any promise about the quality, condition, or reliability of a product that a seller makes and that you rely upon when buying a product can create a warranty or guarantee. A direct statement, either verbally or in writing.
A guarantee is a promise or assurance that something is of specific quality, or that it will perform adequately for a given length of time. In the consumer goods sector, a guarantee attests the quality or durability of a product.
A warranty is basically a written guarantee issued to the purchaser of a product by its manufacturer, agreeing to repair or replace it if necessary, within a specified period of time.
Another meaning for the term “guarantee” is bonds, surety bonds, standby L/Cs, indemnity or similar expressions are all used to describe undertakings by a third party but, regardless of the title, it is the wording of the written undertaking that is important.
پس از پرداخت محصول در درگاه بانکی شما به لینک دانلود محصول برای شما قابل رویت می باشد و شما می توانید اقدام به دانلود کنید.
لازم به ذکر است لینک دانلود به پست الکترونیکی شما نیز ارسال می شود.
